Water Soluble
Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Necessary for Hydroxyproline Amino Acid Synthesis which is required in Collagen Production; deficiency leading to the disease known as Scurvy. Frees Vitamin E from and Neutralizes Free Radicals (Oxidants).
Vitamin B1: Thiamin
Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
Vitamin B3: Niacin
Vitamin B5: Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine
Vitamin B7: Biotin
Vitamin B9: Folate
Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
Methylcobalamine vs Cyanocobalamine
Water Insoluble
Vitamin A: Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAEs)
Vitamin D: Calciferol
Calcitriol – secosteroid (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) – Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH
Calcidiol- secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) – Inactive form of vitamin D3
Ergocalciferol (D2) in UV Activated Mushrooms
Cholecalciferol (D3) in Fish, Live, Ego Yolks, Milk, Yogurt
Sunlight + 7-Dehydrocholesterol -> Cholecaliferol (D3) + Liver Enzyme 25-Hydroxylase -> 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (Calcifediol) + Kidney 1alpha-hydroxylase -> 1,25-Hydroxycholecalciferol or Calcitriol (Active form)
Activity in the Body
Modulating Ca(+2), PO4(-3) through Parathyroid Hormone
Vitamin D as an Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Agent
Vitamin D stimulates the expression of potent antimicrobial peptides, such as cathelicidin and β defensin 2,22 which exist in neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256336/
Deficiency Causes
Deficiency Consequences
Rickets in Children (Bendy Bones)
Osteomalacia in Adults (Brittle Bones)
Overdoese Symptoms
“Stones, Bones, Abdomen Moans and Psychic Groans” – Dr. Mike
Kidney Stones, Osteomalacia, Contracts Smooth Muscle in Abdomen, Nervous System Depression
Toxicity Rare even at 20,000 IU / day unless Sarcodosis
Low Level: < 30 nmol / L (UK), < 12 ng / ml (US) Goal Level: >75 nmol / L (UK), >30 ng / ml (US)
Vitamin E: Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
RDA: 15mg for Adults
TUL: 1000mg for Adults
Alpha-Tocopherol only form to meet human requirements?
Potent Anti-Oxidant against Peroxyl Free Radicals
Source: Nuts, Seeds, Liver
Free Radicals (Oxidants) steal Cell Membrane Electrons making them Unstable. Vitamine E sits in the cell membrane and binds to the Free Radicals itself instead to defend the Cell Membrane. Vitamin C then frees the Vitamin E and neutralizes the Free Radical.
Vitamin E sits in cell membranes and binds to Free Radicals